Visual Arts - Scuplture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Visual Arts - Scuplture - Essay Example A professional artist ensures that he or she has all the essential materials before commencing into any work of arts. Any person who has ever worked on a newspaper printing station will understand this best. Space is a fundamental factor in sculpture (Slobodkin 118). The same principle applies to sculpture. An artist should also accustom and remind themselves of terms like bottom-heavy and top-heavy. He or she should also be aware if the object in the visual field is correctly and well distributed to easily give a sense of balance. All these fall under composition, that is, the wise use of space and balance in artistic works. The next concept that artists need to know is to move into any position that will distribute the visual information in a wise manner. They may also need to add a background material in order to get everything balancing well (Slobodkin 119). An example is the existence of a pair of slippers beneath every female nude. Another consequence of this is the way with wh ich the shapes of the formed objects line up with each other. They look like a piece of the puzzle. Despite the fact that the object always appear in a 3-dimensional space, much consideration is put on how 3-D visual information manages to impact on a two dimensional plane. Through this, any two dimensional shape can easily interact with a three dimensional form in a perfect manner. Artists sometimes use basic forms of sculpture and ensure that they echo them in various places in the same visual field. Moreover, artists sometimes increase the variations such as a fugue by the Bach. An example of this type of a compositional dance is the great Newberry’s Blithe, in which two-dimensional tapestry behind a woman echoes and reflects the curves on her body. Another important concept of a sculpture is the sweeping forms. Some sculptures look as if they are about to fall or move. Such sculptures make viewers feel as if they will fall or move behind their backs (Slobodkin 120). Such sculptures hold the eyes and make the viewers watch them with a lot of suspicion and probably wait for something to happen. The eyes flow over the cascading limbs and muscles. The key to comprehending this effect is trying to locate the eye-catching points. Such points include feet position, kneecaps alignments, hands location, finger directions, waist and chest axes, limb joint position, hair strands, and the eyes. After the location of these points, they are connected to the sweeping and twisting lane. The intensity of this plane normally varies across figures but it usually grows in a uniform direction of movement. There may be an expansion of twisting lines of contact or intensity, depending on the existing pieces. There is a sequence of events in every sculpture. This sequence exits in time but are sometimes held stationary by the bronze. This movement comes from the viewer’s eye motion, as they tend to follow these striking features. In a very short time, an individual is able to experience subconsciously this sweeping form without the ability to identify and determine the direction consciously. However, taking the eyes and carefully moving them over the piece enables an individual, one is able to watch and see how the sculpture is generated, built up and explodes in denouement, and in a resolution of various interacting forms.

Corporate Cultures and Their Impact on Recruitment and Retention Essay

Corporate Cultures and Their Impact on Recruitment and Retention - Essay Example The study suggests that global companies are realizing the importance and need to invest in the human ‘capital’. They can no longer take people for granted and sit back. Global economy is expanding, business opportunities growing but the available workforce steadily reducing. A culturally strong organization succeeds in attracting and retaining the top talent and can expect to climb the ladder of success. By the close of the twentieth century, business houses came to accept that people, not cash, buildings, or equipments differentiate one company from another. Corporate culture is moving into the limelight and proving to be an untapped asset for employees and businesses alike. Researches have shown that at the time of economic turndown the companies having strong and adaptive cultures are better able to handle the financial crisis than those with weak and poorly defined cultures. The right combination of people and culture can mean the difference between the financial su ccess and failure. As technology advances corporate culture will assume an even bigger role especially in the IT sector as competition increases. Organizations today recognize the need to attract the right brains to thrive in the competitive market and retain the employees. The norms of an organization are transmitted from generation to generation and are responsible for its financial success, which is the ultimate goal of any business organization. Understanding and assessing the company culture at every stage is vital.

Jazz Essay Example for Free

Jazz Essay Raised in a home where melodies are often played in the instruments we have or even just hummed by a family member while doing chores, I have grown to love pieces of music especially opera, orchestra and the classics. So when my friends, who are musicians themselves, invited me to one of the performances of a jazz band during the celebration of the University’s anniversary last July 9 at The Technopark, I was feeling rather apprehensive. It is not as what you would expect my genre of choice. I have always typified this particular field as an African-American influenced rhythmic and instrumental form of music. My ears were almost involuntarily programmed to have an distaste to these tunes. But since they started to play, I forgot my earlier impression because I was already enjoying the concert. Savoring the pleasure of listening to the upbeat of jazz music, I was jazzed up and entirely enthralled with the soulful performance of the Jazz Ensemble. In the hands of trumpeter Roy Barja, trombonist Marko Geron, bassist Jeff Flores and saxophonist Brad Cruz, the contrivances took on a unique character, and one whose ebullience can hardly be contained. The ensemble started with a bang of Jazz Story playing different types of jazz music that evolved within the through time until the modern jazz of today. Then, the members of Jazz Ensemble played classics like Victor Young’s â€Å"When I Fall in Love†, George Gershwin’s â€Å"Someone to Watch Over Me† and â€Å"Pink Panther†. With the variety of instruments involved, lush harmonies and textures satiated my ears’ desire for excellent sounds. Each artist had a chance for a nippy glare of publicity. He would play short melodic fragments meant to be repeated by a section of the band with growing passion. They masterfully serenaded and entertained the audience through vocalist Mara Duran who did vocals on â€Å"Orange-colored Sky† and â€Å"It had to be You†. The group kept the crowd swaying and crooning on our seats in time with the beat. Jazz took my heart out from the first notes that had drifted from the instruments up until the faintest tune that was whispered by the wind. That night, I closed my eyes with a trace of smile upon my lips as I hum a segment from the song Love is Here to Stay.

Genetic Variations of Inheritance

Genetic Variations of Inheritance Star Daganskaia-Knighton Genetics TAQ1: What are genes and chromosomes and what do they do? A gene is a unit of DNA needed to make a protein, they range between hundreds and millions of base pairs. These pairs control development and switch on and off depending on environmental factors, an example is a gene switching on when an immune cell meets a bacterium to produce antibodies to destroy it. DNA is what we are, each person has their own set of DNA which makes up their characteristics, except for identical twins who share the same DNA. The human genome is composed of approximately 3 billion bases of DNA. DNA is formed into structures called chromosomes, each cell containing 23 pairs of chromosomes one set from each parent. The double helix coils around histone proteins, they wind together and lock into densely coiled chromatin. Each single gene encodes a protein and each of those proteins results in a distinct or inherited trait e.g. attached (dominant) or free hanging earlobes (recessive). Allele are a similar gene for eye colour, these are also recessive or dominant. Th e dominant gene is an allele for brown eyes so to inherit one or two alleles for brown eyes means you will have brown eyes whereas an allele for blue eyes is recessive so a person must inherit two copies of allele for blue eyes to have blue eyes. TAQ2: Discuss the work of the Austrian Monk Gregor Mendel 1. Mendel was a Monk with a love for science, he discovered the laws of inheritance by working with pea plants. His work on pea plants went over eight years, with this he deducted that genes come in pairs and and are then inherited – one pair from each parent. He monitored the look of the offspring from each pea plant and tracked which genes were dominant or recessive (he could track this by the look of the leaves, seeds, taste). Unfortunately his results were not understood or appreciated until 1900. Mendel had three rules of law: Law of segregation – two copies of each heredity factors segregate during the production of gametes so that one factor from each parent can be acquired by the offspring. Law of independent assortment – this is the law of chance, it is by chance which characteristics in particular will occur in the individual offspring. Law of dominance and recessiveness – one factor in the pair of traits will dominate the gene and become inherited unless both genes are recessive. 2. Punnett diagram of the recessive homozygous (non-toungue rolling father) and dominant heterozygous (tongue rolling mother). If they were to have four children then two of them would be able to roll their tongues and two would not, with their genetics  ½ or 50% of their children would be able to roll their tongues. This is the genotype – the organisms genetic make up which is a combination of alleles. The phenotype is the physical characteristic you can see e.g. eye colour, earlobes, hair type (curly straight etc.) and tongue rolling. Mother> Father/ T t t Tt tt t Tt tt 3. Phenylthiocarbamate (PTC) is a chemical that some people find incredibly bitter to taste and others cant taste at all. There is a difference in taste thresh hold between different populations and ages, the ability to taste the chemical comes from the dominant gene. Below is a Punnett diagram showing that if both parents are hetrozygous then there is  ¼ or 25% chance of having a child who can taste PTC. This means if they had 4 children, three of them may not be able to taste PTC. Mendalian law explains monohybrid is inheritance of one through two generations. Mother > Father / F f F FF Ff f fF ff 4. Mother > Father / TF Tf tF tf Tf TTFf TTff TtFf Ttff This Punnett diagram shows that if the mother is a homozgous tongue roller and a non PTC taster marries a man who is a heterozygous tongue roller and is heterozygous PTC taster and then goes on to have 16 children; all of the children will be tongue rollers as it is the dominant gene show in the punnett diagram as a T. 8 of those 16 children (50%) will be PTC tasters as the dominant gene (F) is carried on to half of their children. Mendalian law explains dihybrid as inheritance two through two generations. 5. Mother> Father / TF Tf tF tf TF TTFF TTFf TtFF TtFf Tf TTFf TTff TtFf Ttff tF TtFF TtFf TtFF ttFf tf TtFf Ttff ttFf ttff This shows the dehybrid cross and the independent segregation of traits, proving Mendels second law. This is also known as Phenotype distribution. This punnett diagram explains that if a mother and father who are both heterozygous tongue rollers and PTC tasters have 16 children they will come out as a 9:3:3:1 ratio of traits. 9 children will be TTFF dominant, 3 children will be Tff, 3 children will be ttF and 1 child will be a double recessive ttff meaning they are unable to taste PTC and are unable to roll their tongues. TAQ3: 1. Explain genetic linkage and why it is important in the transmission of genetic characteristics. Genetic linkage was discovered when Thomas Hunt Morgan did experiments of fruit flies and notices a difference in eye colour dependant on the sex of the fruit fly. Genetic linkage is the process in which if two genes are close to each other on a chromosome they are frequently inherited together during meiosis. In many cases two alleles inherited from one parent tend to stay together and is the same for the other parent; this is called linkage. Two alleles make up an autosome, so two associated genes on a chromosome would be hair and eye colour. These two genes are close to each other on the genetic strand (locus) so are unlikely to cross over and mix, the most likely outcome is that one parent will have the dominant gene and give child X brown eyes and blond hair instead of red hair (recessive gene) and blue eyes (recessive). This does now contradict Mendels law of independent assortment and begs the question how did Mendel not encounter linkage?. 2. Explain how sex or gender is determined. Autosomes are the first 22 chromosomes that decide everything but your gender, the 23rd chromosome pair will either decide you to be female (XX) or male (XY). The mother will always pass on the X chromosome and the father will either pass on a X chromosome in the sperm creating a female baby or will pass on a Y chromosome creating a male baby. Mother / Father > X Y X XX XX X XY XY The Punnett diagram above shows that there is a 50% chance that the couple will have a boy or a girl, this is the same theory as to when you flip a coin over and over again you will eventually have even results. Of course some families will have more boys than girls or more girls than boys but when the numbers are counted world wide the male:female ratio is fairly even. Explain the crossing over of chromosomes and the role it plays in transmission of genetic characteristics. Chromosomal crossover is the process of two chromosomes that have paired up during prophase 1 of meiosis exchange DNA. This happens when two homologous chromosomes break and reconnect at the same place and reconnecting with the other chromosome, if they break at the same base pair they exchange alleles; this is called genetic recombination. If too few chromosomal crossovers are formed gametes end up with the wrong number of chromosomes, this can cause infertility, pregnancy miscarriage and chromosomal disease (Downs Syndrome). Shuffling the DNA is the best thing for the next generation as it accounts for genetic variation so the offspring will have a different set of alleles and genes to their parents. Chromosomal crossover means that people will look different to each other (apart form identical twins), diseases can be eradicated, evolution, being able to adapt and natural selection. Hemophilia is a blood clotting disease that is inherited, this means that if the carrier of the dise ase has a child then their child may inherit the gene. Hemophilia usually occurs in males but there are the rare exceptions. A Punnett diagram below shows how the disease can be inherited. Females are carriers with rare exceptions of getting the disease. Males are effected from mildly to severely. The red chromosome is the one effected, spreading. Mother> Father / X X X XX XX Y XY XY TAQ 4: Using examples, explain the difference between continuous and discontinuous variations. Depending on the features of an organism they will show continuous and discontinuous variation. A continuous variation is something that can change gradually over a period of time such as height, weight and foot length. These goes from one extreme to the other, if you plotted the height of new born babies the variation could be from 30cm to 55cm depending a variation of factors from genes, environmental factors during gestation and whether or not they were born premature or full-term. Continuous variation is the combined effect of many genes know as polygenic inheritance, this is also effected by the environment. Discontinuous variation isnt effected much by environmental factors, it is when a person is or isnt part of a group, there is no in-between. They are either one blood type of the other, they are either male of female, they have either blue, green or brown eyes. Of course some people are born with indeterminate sex and others have have heterochromia (different eye colours, often inherited from parent or from injury to the eye). TAQ 5: Define the term mutation and explain how it is caused. The body constantly needs new cells; a mutation occurs when stands of DNA are separated and replicated, each strand becomes a double strand, eventually a mistake occurs during the copying process (1 in 100,000,000). When damage does occur the bodies cells will repair the damage, however if DNA breaks the body is more likely to make mistakes trying to fix the problem , these mistakes can shorten lifespan. Environmental mutations are caused by chemicals, radiation and ultraviolet light, they are all enemies of DNA. They attack and damage by swapping parts of the DNA which becomes a problem when they start to replicate meaning more harmful DNA is replicating with chemicals that dont behave. Describe de novo mutations and provide one example. A de novo mutation is a new mutation of a cell. Gene mutations are either inherited or acquired during a lifetime. Mutations passed from parent to child are hereditary or germline mutations as they are in the sperm or egg, this mutation will be in in every cell in the persons body and lasting a lifetime. De novo mutations that occur after fertilization explain genetic disorders which effect the child’s every cell but has no family history of the disorder. Somatic (acquired) mutations in DNA that occur in individual cell some point in a persons life are environmentally caused by radiation, chemical or by mistakes being made during cell division. Acquired mutations cannot be passed on to the next generation. De novo mutations can cause Autism when there is no parental link to the disorder. Schizophrenia has been linked to de novo mutation in the paternal germ line from older fathers. Hemophilia is also an inherited disease but a third of cases are caused by gene mutation, this i s when the blood doesnt clot and lowers the blood clotting factor levels for coagulation meaning someone will bleed for longer. Describe mosaicism and provide one example. Mosaicism happened when the egg (zygote) starts to divide after fertilization, new cells form and duplicate so there are enough chromosomes. Errors occur and a cell ends up with a different number of chromosomes, every time that cell duplicates it will have a different chromosomal number. Having more than one type of chromosomal make-up is called mosaiciam, this means that an extra cell will have trisomy 21 (chromosome 21 dictates Downs Syndrome), others will have the right amount of chromosomes. Mosaic Downs Syndrome is detected either during pregnancy or after birth via a karyotype test (a photograph of the chromosomes from one cell – using skin, blood, bone marrow or amniotic fluid), chromosomes in 20 cells are counted and if two or more are normal (without the chromosome 21) the baby is said to have mosaic downs syndrome. Describe polymorphism and provide one example Polymorphism is a word that come from the Greek language meaning Many (poly) Form (Morph). Polymorphism is discontinuous genetic variations where two or more forms exist in the same species of a population such as blood type (A, B, AB, O) and sexual dismorphism (male or female), height cannot be a polymorphism as this is a continuous variation. Polymorphism is seen in every species (dogs: there are hundreds of breeds of dog that look completely different but they are still the same species) and counts towards natural selection e.g. some may be able to reproduce to a higher degree than others. TAQ 6: Protein synthesis and the two main stages explained. Protein synthesis is formed of two steps that use protein (amino acid). For every three base pairs of DNA codes there is one amino acid , in total the body makes 20 different amino acids, other come from the diet. This process rewrites base sections of DNA and creates proteins, it all takes place on the ribosome in the cytoplasm or the the rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. The two main stages of protein synthesis are Transcription and Translation. Transcription starts by the DNA double helix unwinding, this shows the single stranded DNA. One of these side of the DNA will act as a template for the formation of mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid). In this process the matching RNA nucleotides base pairs join to form a strand of mRNA, mRNA detaches from the DNA to move out of the nucleus through openings called nucleus pores and into the cytoplasm. Translation starts when the mRNA is drawn towards the ribosome which has two parts; a small and large subunit used as different binding sites. mRNA binds to the small ribosome subunit which instructs a strand of tRNA (transfer RNA) to find a place (specific codon sequence) to to bind the mRNA, they attach together holding the amino acid. The larger subunit come to complete the structure, ribosome surrounding the strands of RNA and have another strand of tRNA carrying amino acid different to the first. Again they bind in the specific codon sequence. These to amino acids bind with help from cellular energy and the ribosome to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This process is repeated, the codons and anti-codons match up to form base pairs which then create a 3D shape meaning the protein (polypeptide) is complete. Reference List Genes (27/08/14) [Online] http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/21c/genes/genetic_diseasesrev1.shtml> (27/08/14) Cell division (27/08/14) [Online] http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa_pre_2011/celldivision/celldivision1.shtml> (27/08/14) Gregor Mendel (27/08/14) [Online] http://www.dnalc.org/view/16151-Biography-1-Gregor-Mendel-1822-1884-.html> (27/08/14) Genetics (27/08/14) [Online] http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/biology/genetics_adaptation/dihybrid_cross/revision/1/> (27/08/14) Hemophilia (28/08/14) [Online] http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/> (28/08/14) Linkage (28/08/14) [Online] http://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/linkage-51> (28/08/14) Crossover (28/08/14) [Online] http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/c/chromosomal_crossover.htm> (28/08/14) Variation (29/08/14) [Online] http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/science/organisms_behaviour_health/variation_classification/revision/3/> (29/08/14) Mutation (29/08/14) [Online] http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/genetic/dna-mutation.htm> (29/08/14) Mosaicism (29/08/14) [Online] http://www.theupsideofdowns.org/down-syndrome/what-is-mosaicism> (29/008/14) Polymorphism (01/09/14) [Online] http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Polymorphisms.html> (01/09/14) Protein synthesis (01/09/14) [Online] http://biology.about.com/od/cellularprocesses/ss/protein-synthesis-translation_2.htm> (01/09/14) BBC Protein Synthesis (01/09/14) [Online] http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/biology/cell_biology/rna/revision/2/> (01/09/14)

Business Report of Caterpillar Inc. Essay -- CAT Stock Market Finances

Business Report of Caterpillar Inc. Data and information relative to Caterpillar, Inc. was collected via the internet. Current information was crucial to keeping the report timely and accurate. The five members assigned to the group wrote one section per person. Research was conducted on a separate basis, and construction of the report was on a group level. Each team member is responsible for their own assigned areas and nothing more. Financial Analysis Caterpillar is a publicly traded corporation listed on the New York Stock Exchange. It’s SIC codes indicate their main areas of enterprise are construction machinery, internal combustion engines, and short term business credit and insurance. But this dynamic company has many qualities underneath the surface of its image. These qualities are neither good nor bad. These are Caterpillar’s financial components. Sales Caterpillar, Inc. primary income is made from sales of machinery and engines . These sales are made to clients in construction, agriculture, and manufacturing industries. Caterpillar divides their sales based on geographic location where the For example, third quarter sales were split between North America, EAME (Europe, Africa, and the Middle East), Latin America, and Asia. North America on average takes up 54% of total sales each quarter (see figure 1.) Total sales revenue for the third quarter 2000 amounted to $4.78 billion, one percent higher than the previous year third quarter. Sales volume increased by 2 percent and financial products increased by 12 percent. Caterpillar bases their sales upon two different tiers, although they sell a wide range of different products. The first breakdown consists of what they deem as machinery. The second area of sales consists of engines. Operating profit comparisons for the third quarters of 1999 and 2000 can be seen in table 1. Caterpillar has blamed third quarter deficiencies in revenue on the weak Eurodollar. Since 27 percent of their total sales are made in the European region, their claim may be true. As long as Caterpillar depends on foreign markets for sales, they will face problems with fluctuations in foreign currency. Receivables Caterpillar owns and operates a financing corporation to handle its incredibly large receivable account. Receivables make up 30 percent of total assets and short-term receivab... ...on have major intellectual and financial backing, as well as good reason to come to an agreement. However, the knowledge, skills and commitment needed to survive today in international business must be found on the plant floor as well as in the office. Noting the need for cooperation, the union local president asked â€Å"What the hell are they going to do when they get that work force back in there? Who’s going to cooperate†? That quote is the basis for this weakness of Caterpillar, Inc. What is going to happen at the end of this contract when another one needs to be made? Are the employees of caterpillar still bitter about the strike? Are the supervisors and directors at Caterpillar still bitter? Only time will tell. Fites is no longer the Chairman and CEO of Caterpillar, so some problems with him may be solved. But there is no doubt that some bitterness is still present in both the floor and the towers of Caterpillar, Inc. For these reasons, Caterpillar may not be a good purchase of stock. They may be doing quite well now, but what if you invest money in them, only to see your money possibly be dwindled away by another bitter strike, or individual sales were contrived.

H.R. 6 (110th): Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 Essays

Introduction Climate change has garnered much attention over the past decade.   Similarly, the cost of energy has become a growing debate.   Ultimately, the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 was introduced in response to the growing concerns with climate change as well as the increasing amount of greenhouse gas emissions coupled with increased oil price. These factors brought these issues to the general public’s attention and raised questions regarding the United States’ own energy efficiency and reliance on foreign energy. After the United States declined to ratify the Kyoto protocol, which would have helped to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, we fell behind in standards for clean energy and energy independence through clean alternatives (Meade, 2008). The Energy Independence and Security Act was signed into law on December 19th, 2007 by President Bush (United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2013). The law was meant to promote energy independence within the United States, increase U.S. energy security, increase domestic production of clean renewable fuels, protect consumers, increase energy efficiency and promote research for greenhouse gas capture and storage (EPA, 2010). This bill was a part of the Democratic Party's 100 hour Plan, which was a plan   enacted by Speaker Nancy Pelosi after the Democratic Party took control of the Congress in the 2006 midterm elections (Pelosi, 2006). The Energy Independence and Security Act was originally called the Clean Energy Act of 2007 and was introduced to the House of Representatives by Nick Rahall from West Virginia (Sissine, 2007). Interestingly, Rahall was one of four democrats to oppose the final bill. When the bill was introduced to the Senate it was part ... ...S Report RL33831). Retrieved from website 4/21/2013: http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/104292.pdf Strassel, Kimberly "Some Inconvenient Truths", The Wall Street Journal, October 6, 2007. The Washington Post. (2006) President Bush's State of the Union Address. Politics. Retrieved April 18, 2013 from: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2006/01/31/AR2006013101468.html US Department of Energy. Federal Energy Management Program (2010). Accessed April 21, 2013. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/sustainabilitycrosswalk.pdf US Department of Energy. Alternative Fuels Data Center (2010). Accessed April 21, 2013. http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/eisa. US Department of Transportation (2011, April) Summary of Fuel Economy Performance. Accessed May 8, 2013 From: http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/rulemaking/pdf/cafe/2011_Summary_Report.pdf

Urbanization and Its Effects

Introduction Chapter No. 1 Urbanization brings about a social change. This is most prominent in the expansion of entrepreneurship and industrialization. It is known that the progress of the landless laborer and the absorption of wealth into a few hands promote urbanization. A lot of people say that urbanization is the predictable outcome of economic growth, with the increase of expert craftsmen, merchants, and proprietors. Urban growth or urbanization brings an attraction for the people residing in rural areas. They get attracted by the luxuries, comforts and opportunities which people of cities are enjoying. Both the natural increase (population growth) and net migration are the major contributory factors to urban growth. As in other parts of the world, although the urban growth in Pakistan is dominated by the natural increase, about one-fifth of this growth is certified to internal migration. Internal migration or urbanization has played a major role in the expansion of the population density in the major cities of Pakistan. Internal migration has also been very important in the fast growth of these cities. Urbanization is more rapid than a population growth. People are moving from rural areas to urban areas for a better living standard, to seek better quality education, mesmerizing work places. Besides all the positive aspects of urbanization, it also has a negative impact on the economy which includes the loss of agriculture land, urban food supply like vegetables, wheat, rice, maize etc. , the devastating of habitats and urban diseconomies. Economy of Pakistan thus has both negative as well as positive effects of urbanization. Further moving on with the details of effects of urbanization on Pakistani economy, we need to know the conditions of the economy of Pakistan at present. The economy of Pakistan and the effects of urbanization on Pakistani economy are discussed in below: Economy of Pakistan: The economy of Pakistan is placed to be the 27th largest in dollar terms. Pakistan is surrounded by chemical industries, textiles, agriculture, food processing and other industries, which makes it the semi-industrialized economy. The economy of Pakistan has suffered a lot in the past from high inflation rates, increasing poverty levels, low quality of education, terrorism and a fast growing population. The economy of Pakistan has been going through hard times since last 5 to 6 years. The gross domestic product (GDP) of Pakistan is US$167 billions, which makes it 48th largest economy in the world Today Pakistan is said to be having the 2nd largest economy in the South Asia. In Pakistan GDP growth and a prominent rise in the industrial and service sector remained in the range of 6% to 8% in 2004 to 2006, due to the transformation by the Musharraf government in the year 2000. In year 2005 World Bank named Pakistan to be the top reformer in its region and in the top 10 reformers throughout the world/globally. Pakistan’s GDP gross domestic product is estimated to be $475. billion if measured by purchasing power parity (PPP). The per capita Income in Pakistan is estimated to be 23% to 28%. GDP growth rate was stable during the mid of 2000 at a rate of 7% however it slowed down due to the economic crisis of 2008 to 4. 7%. Pakistan has a high inflation rate of 24. 4% and a low savings rate which makes it difficult to sustain a high growth rate. In year 2005 inflat ion rate jumped to more than 9% and reduced to 7. 9% in year 2006. Following the route, in year 2008 petrol prices hit the highest price in Pakistan as high as 25. 0%. The State Bank of Pakistan is adopting the policy to tighten its monetary policy to preserve the growth of Pakistan. In year 2007 and 2008, the prominent rise in the international oil and food prices on combining with the internal political confusion leads to macroeconomics imbalances in Pakistan. In year 2008, Pakistan faced a balance of payment deficit. The government agreed to an International monetary standby agreement to overcome the balance of payment crisis. But all through year 2009-10 its current account strengthened and foreign exchange funds stabilized mainly due to reduced oil prices and record remittances from workers abroad. Unfortunately, in July-August 2010 the agriculture output reduced which contributed to a jump in inflation. Government funds were spent on the recreation and reconstruction which led to limited recourses with the government. Pakistan keeps on emphasizing on the reduction of poverty, illiteracy, terrorism and social protection. It also works hard to enhance the weakest sections of the society. Pakistan also has a vital infrastructure, especially in water management, transport, communication, education and energy. The economy is of Pakistan is divided into three sectors; agriculture, industry and services. The contribution to total GDP is mentioned below in terms of percentages. Agriculture includes farming, fishing and forestry. Industry includes mining, manufacturing, construction and power production. Services include communications, finance, transportation etc. The distribution will total less than 100% if the data is incomplete. Agriculture has a contribution of 21. 2% in the total GDP of Pakistan. Industry sector has 25. 4% share in the total GDP of Pakistan whereas services sector has the highest contribution of 53. 4%. Pakistan is facing economic and political instability these days. The government is also destabilized and losing its control. The rapid development of cities is a regular and a persistent demographic occurrence in most of the developing countries including Pakistan. This rise has led to an increase in the degree of urbanization. In Pakistan, the most recent study says that 34% of the people are living in urban areas and about 66% of people are living in rural areas. It has been predicted that the level of urbanization in 2015 would increase by 39. 5%. The most recent study, states that the growth rate of Pakistan is 1. 73% and the population density of Pakistan is 177. 37 people per sq. km. Pakistan is grouped with countries having moderate level of urbanization; it has the highest share of population living in cities (urban areas) among the South Asian countries. It has also been projected that about half of Pakistan’s population will be living in cities by the year 2030. Year 2011 has proved out to be another difficult year for the economy of Pakistan because it could only achieve the growth of 2. 4% against the target of 4. 5 %. This was even worse and weaker than the growth rate achieved in year 2010. The slowdown in the growth was predicted right at the time country suffered from devastating effects of the flood in August 2010. Growth was in a weak position, as the government had to transfer funds for the rehabilitation and recreational purposes for the flood victims. Another important factor that constrained growth was the energy crisis/power shortage in the country. Numbers of industries are shifted in Bangladesh due to energy shortfall, rising furnace oil prices, have forced power producers to run below capacity. The resulting shortage of power has added to the energy deficit to the country. If we look at the agriculture sector of Pakistan in detail we will come to know that it showed a strong improvement after the devastating impact of the floods in early 2011. This recovery was mainly due to livestock sector, along with minor crops and some major crops (wheat and sugarcane). Despite the significant losses caused by the floods, growth in the livestock subsector was adequate to provide much needed momentum to agriculture growth. Trade and payments is the backbone of the Pakistani economy, in year 2011 total exports recorded a constructive growth of 27. % for the period of first ten months (July-April) against an increase of 8. 0% in the similar time period of previous year 2010. In total, exports have gone up from $15,773. 2 million to $20,154. 2 million in the period. On the other side imports in the first ten months of the current year 2011have gone up with an increase of 14. 7% against the same period of the last year reaching to 32. 2%. Education is considered to be very important in any economy, if we look at the literacy rate of Pakistan basing on the age groups then we see (10 years and above age group ) the total literacy rate in year 2008-2009 was 57. % which has increased to 57. 7% in year 2009-2010, which increased by 0. 5% in the current year. And if we look at the literacy rate basing on the provinces wise then the literacy was as follows; Sindh 58. 2 percent; Punjab 59. 6 percent; Balochistan 51. 5 percent; Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa 50. 9 percent. Total expenditures budgeted for health services are Rs. 42. 0 billion out of which Rs. 18. 7 billion for development in health care centers and Rs. 23. 3 billion for current expenditures which is equal to 0. 23 percent of GDP which is 79 billion in contrast to previous year. Pakistan’s total population according to the census of 2011 is 177. 10 million and it is considered to be the 6th popular country in the world. And if the population keeps on increasing with the same tendency it will be 191. 7 million by year 2015 and 242. 1 million by 2030. The growth rate in Pakistan is calculated to be 2. 05 percent at present and the total fertility rate is 3. 5 children per woman. In Pakistan the life expectancy is 67. 9 for women and 64. 18 for men. And if we talk about the labor force of Pakistan we may conclude that it is the 9th largest country in the world basing on the size of its labor force which is 54. 2 million. Pakistan has given a great attention towards its infrastructure i. e. transport and communication and if we talk about the communication sector of Pakistan, then we may conclude that only 3 percent of the total population is using post paid connections whereas prepaid connection users are 97 percent. The total cellular subscribers have c rossed 102. 8 million so far in Pakistan. Now that we have given a glance at the current position of the economy of Pakistan, we need to know what Urbanization is. And why is it increasing at a very rapid pace in Pakistan? Urbanization: After going through the economy of Pakistan in detail, we now need to know what urbanization is. Urbanization is a transformation of rural life to urban life. Urbanization takes place when people living in rural areas (villages) decides to move to urban areas (cities or towns) to seek better living standards or for seeking better employment opportunities or to maximize their incomes. One of the definitions of urbanization is stated as, â€Å"Urbanization is the transformation of rural conditions (farms and small towns) to urban conditions (huge cities). We can also say that urbanization is the migration of population from rural areas to urban areas. † This definition tells us that urbanization takes place when a rural life transforms into an urban life. Rural life is a life where people work on farms and fields, whereas urban life is a complete opposite life where people work in big offices, they have better quality education, they dresses up professionally for their offices, they uses best possible ways of communication and transportation. Urban life provides us with better quality living, better education facilities, better job opportunities, better infrastructure and better entertainment facilities apart from work. Another definition that I would like to state here is, â€Å"The change in a country or a region which is caused by the movement of the population from rural to urban areas is known as urbanization. † The definition clearly explains that when people migrate from villages towards towns or cities, migration takes place. Migration of people from villages towards cities causes a change in that particular region where immigrants plan to live in. The changes that can be seen within that particular region may be more food consumption, increase in rate of unemployment, increase in rate of poverty, it may also effect literacy rate; mortality rates are also being affected. Another definition of urbanization that I came across is, â€Å"Urbanization can also be termed as the quick and huge growth of and migration to cities from the villages. Urbanization is the name for the movement of people from rural (villages) to urban areas (cities), thus results in increasing the population. † This definition is also similar to the above definition. This definition also makes clear that urbanization takes place when people of the rural areas tends to move towards the urban areas, this movement is quick and thus it increases the growth of the particular area of the cities as compared to rural life. By this definition we can come to know that apart from the increase of the population in any particular area of a city or movement of people from the rural areas. It is also more of a change in the employment sector; the industrialization sector; the service industry sector and also the agriculture sector. The definition is stated as, â€Å"The increase in the proportion of the population residing in towns, brought about by migration of rural populations into towns and cities, or the higher urban levels of natural increase resulting from the greater proportion of people of childbearing age in cities. Urbanization indicates a change of employment structure from agriculture and cottage industries to mass production and service industries. † Another definition that tells us that urbanization brings a change in the market size, health care services are also increased due to increase in the population size, transportation and communication services are also increased when urbanization takes place. Urbanization brings a change in many sectors either directly or indirectly, because many factors are dependent on urbanization. The definition that tells us about the changing factors and sectors is stated below. â€Å"Urbanization is the rapid population growth, increase in industrialization, increase in transportation and communication, increase in health services, increase in market size etc. † Urbanization comprises of population immigration to an already existing area or a town as a result of which causes expansion of that specific region at the expense of rural land. The process of a society transforming from rural to urban can be stated as urbanization. As the number of people moving into cities rise, urban centers expand too, erasing rural, agricultural and forestland in their wake. Urbanization mainly occurs due to the reasonable economic variations within both rural and urban areas. As agriculture is becoming more and more technologically advanced so it has now been replaced by machines and people are becoming jobless in rural areas because their work is being replaced by the machines. This has tended to move people from rural to urban areas because urban areas have ample job opportunities. In addition to above issue, urbanization is increasing rapidly because rural life and working on farms and fields is becoming unpredictable due to sudden happening of floods, deficiency of any other important seed, fertilizer or pesticides and deadly diseases which are fatal. On the contrary, urban areas posses’ great business opportunities, healthy jobs, better living standards and infinite number of services in terms of universities, schools, hospitals, housing, transportation etc. Great variety of entertainment sources, such as hotels, cinemas, discos, clubs, restaurants etc and many other leisure time places and events which forces people to move to urban areas. We can also say that urbanization is a flow of physical growth of urban areas which is bringing about a global change. The question arises in our minds that why do people choose to migrate? What are the reasons that people choose to plan a shift from rural living standard to an urban living standard? What are the consequences of this shift? To answer these questions, first of all we need to know what a city is. As old as species, people have gathered in the densely populated and highly structured areas, to which we call cities. Cities in the beginning were established 5,000 years ago, but from the past 200 years-with the advent and spread of industrial sector and with the increase in the global population which is rising with a prominent rate, which tells us that cities have grown considerably in size and number. In the beginning of the 20th century only one-tenth of a person lived in the cities, but today the proportion of urban and rural people is approximately equal. It has been estimated that by the start of 2025 about 2/3rd of the world's population will live in the urban areas called cities. In the terms of economics, all cities are same basing on the following functions they perform; for example; manufacturing, retailing, and services (doctors, professors etc). These sources provides plenty of job opportunities for the individuals residing in the cities, thus it provides wealth which ultimately provides a better living standard. The larger a city is the more numerous and highly specialized its functions are. By contrast, smaller cities and towns have fewer functions, which tend to be of a more general nature. Karachi in Pakistan is the highly populated and has high density rate in comparison to other cities like Lahore and Islamabad etc. In large cities we find clinics and hospitals in wide range of places. Big food chains like Mc’Donalds, Kfc, Pizza hut etc are rarely seen in small cities but in the large cities we find them at every passing way. People are tending to move towards the cities because of the attractive opportunities, people of the cities are benefited from. There are lots of wealth opportunities in the cities, new business techniques are used to expand the business. Transportation is used which is considered to be the fastest medium of travelling in the cities whereas in the rural areas people are still using bullock-carts. Cities with best facilities and the best opportunities have made life easier to live. People in the cities can live comfortably and spend a peace full life. They can also enjoy the luxuries of the lives. Whereas people n the rural areas have to travel to the cities, to grab the opportunities and facilities provided in the cities. Many of the people in the rural areas travel due to medical problems. As there is a lack of better hospitals and specialized doctors. Cities can also be defined basing on their social composition. Cities are typically places with a large, dense, and heterogeneous, or varied, population. As cities have expanded and mass communications which has dispersed urban values, however, it becomes increasingly difficult to identify a uniquely urban life style. Now if we compare an urban life with a rural life we get to know the following differences between the two. The contrast between the two has been discussed below. Urban life is the result of individual and corporate efforts, which tends to reduce expenses and time in communicating and transportation, also improves opportunities for jobs, education, housing, and transportation. Living in cities allows individuals along with their families to take benefits from efficient jobs and effective job-places, a worth living life style, and a marketplace competition. People are moving into cities to grab different opportunities provided in cities. In villages, it is difficult to improve one's standard of living beyond basic nourishment because the whole family is dependent on a small family farm. Farm living is dependent on volatile ecological conditions, and in times of deficiency, flood or deadly disease, survival becomes extremely difficult and challenging. Cities, in contrast, are the places where wealth, money, services are in abundance. Cities are the places where fortunes are made and where societal mobility is possible. Businesses, which create great number of job vacancies and excessive amount of capital, are generally situated in urban areas. Whether it is through buying and selling (trade) or tourism (sightseeing), it is all the way through the cities that foreign exchange flows into a country from another country. Therefore it is the wish of every individual living in the rural areas to move to cities and make abundance of money to send back home to their struggling families. There are enhanced and essential services as well in the cities that are not found in the villages. There are great varieties of jobs and plenty of job opportunities in urban areas as compared to the rural areas. Physical condition and physical health is another key factor. People, when become old and weak are mostly sent to cities for a better health check-up with the help of specialized doctors and hospital. There are also various attractive factors which becomes a reason that why people of the villages tend to move to the urban areas. Those factors includes cinemas, amusement parks, restaurants, shopping complexes and malls etc. other than entertainment it also provides a better quality of education, namely universities as compared to the rural areas. Effects of urbanization on Pakistani economy: Once we are done with the discussion about urbanization, life in cities, and the contrast of urban life with a rural life. We have to see what effects urbanization has on the economy of Pakistan. It can either have positive effects or negative effects, may be the mixture of both can also be seen. Urbanization in Pakistan has increased very rapidly as compared to any other South Asian country. The people who are migrating from rural to urban, are in search for a better quality of life, but they are totally unaware of the fact that their this move is resulting in a chaos in the urban areas, a burden on the economy as well as an adverse effect on the quality of life. This high, in fact very much high rate of urbanization has also resulted in an increase of  difficulties for the management  as well. Almost 3% to 4% of  the  national population is moving to urban areas every year. The economy of the country in case of GDP rate has improved a bit due to this urbanization. More jobs in manufacturing  and  service sectors have been created. About 27% of the GDP is being produced by the industrial sector . In the coming times, this huge urban population will definitely create a domestic market for goods and services and will provide with technically skilled and equipped manpower resulting in the definite rapid and certain growth  of  the country’s economy. The other important effect of this urbanization on the economy of Pakistan rather than the increase  in GDP is the growing manpower in the sectors of commerce and industry. Industries and private sectors have been a great increase factor in national income. They train their employees in their respective fields as well as in different  interrelated subjects. They provide them with a broader vision of their respective fields where they can create their own ideas, bring new ones, mould the old ones in better forms, thus being more productive and creative. This all multi-training and multi-tasking of  employees  results in the  progress and prosperity of their respective industries and firms. And this ultimately brings a positive effect on the economy, as the productivity increases with technical expertise and so does the income. Urbanization  has also paved the way for women empowerment as well as increase in women employment. Now women being more educated, confident and having vast visions are working together with men  almost in every field. The mutual  work environment  has provided an opportunity of exchange of ideas often where  new methods, new techniques and new ideas are just found turning things more productive and better. Employment of women along with men has raised the number of people working to a very high extent, and this has ultimately resulted in the betterment of economy where not just one is earning  for a family of six, in fact their partner is willing to accompany him/her too. Urbanization results in the increase of industrialization and services sector. People they shift their capital from farm industry to big industries and competitive markets, where they get a chance to maximize their capital and to earn a healthy livelihood for themselves and their families also. By shifting to urban areas they can provide a better life style and a very bright to future to their families and children. Urbanization can bring a change in their living standards, a change in their dressing, a change in their communication and a change in their behaviors. People who shift from rural areas are benefited from the facilities and opportunities available in the urban areas. The effect of urbanization on the economy is that people work in big offices, they have better quality education, they dresses up professionally for their offices, they uses best possible ways of communication and transportation. Urban life provides us with better quality living, better education facilities, better job opportunities, better infrastructure and better entertainment facilities apart from work. A lot of people claim that urbanization is the conventional outcome of economic growth, with the increase of skilled and trained craftsmen, merchants, and proprietors. Urban growth or urbanization brings an attraction for the people residing in rural areas. They get attracted by the luxuries, comforts and opportunities which people of cities are enjoying. Urbanization though has increased the chances of availability  of a better quality of life to the people who are migrating from rural areas to urban areas like towns and cities. They get better health care and educational facilities  as compared to their respective rural areas, yet they become  Ã‚  a reason of a high level burden on the country’s economy. The question is how? The high and fast wave of urbanization has  added a lot more to urban slums. Yet people are still migrating from rural to urban areas and this has resulted  in the increase of difficulty for the  management of the urban areas. The adjustment of these huge migrated masses and providing the basic facilities of  life, in fact quality life to them does not turns out to be an easy task for the management. These people being not highly educated  cannot go for the technical jobs, and what they do is either to get small  ordinary jobs, sitting idle at their homes  or  they earn by begging. All the pressure to feed these unemployed masses comes on the city, provincial or federal government. But how can a government feed them all when there is only 1 or no one to work and so many to eat? In Pakistan, almost 3-5 million people migrate from rural areas to urban  Ã‚  areas each year and approx. 40% of the Pakistani population now resides in the urban areas of the country. This has brought a great burden on the already burdened economy of Pakistan. The aids that are said to be given to Pakistan are mostly used for the military purposes, not in the economic growth sectors. Pakistani economy is really going through a crisis since last few years due to this war on terrorism. The immigrants from our neighboring country Afghanistan, aren’t residing in the rural areas of the country but in the urban ones. And the ones who lived in the rural ones have started migrating towards urban areas in order to secure their lives and children. This also is a burden on the economy, I mean a country whose economy cannot feed its own people properly, cannot provide them with a better quality of life, healthcare facilities, proper education; how can such a country  Ã‚  feed the refugees as well? But being a brotherly neighbour, Pakistan is giving its fullest support i. e. economical and social help to these refugees. They can get jobs anywhere they want to, live anywhere they want to. But the people who aren’t working at all, still need to be looked after by the government and a worse fact is that the ratio of such people isn’t very low, so the economy of Pakistan has been truly burdenized by this factor as well. This trend of urbanization has increased the number of beggars in the cities and towns. At some places there are special beggar mafias and begging has become a profession and a skilled art of  earning money quickly and easily. This thing is now being strictly seen by the government and strict measures have been taken now. This rapid urbanization has also paved the way for increasing crime rate in the  urban areas. When the people migrating from rural areas in spite of all their efforts aren’t able to find jobs or any means of earning, they indulge themselves in anti-state activities and different small and big crimes, because obviously they have to earn something to feed themselves and their families. In spite of all their efforts when they can’t find any legal or right opportunity or way to earn, they get themselves involve in illegal means of earning. The high crime rates involving every crime i. e. mall crime like mobile snatching, money snatching to big crimes like that of target killing or pre planned murders are amongst the most disastrous effects of this urbanization. This high crime rate results  in a frightened and disturbed society, where both, the quality as well as the  quantity of work being done is affected. This disturbs the standards of  economy by disturbing the work potentials of manpower. The consequential population from urbanization has also played an important role in increased crime rates in urban areas. This study of consideration may also be due to the variation in the behaviors of the people living in towns. Following are the factors due to which the crime rates are increasing: factors such as low income, availability of jobs, poverty etc. , and sometimes family conditions such as divorce, single parenthood, frustrated past due to any incident may also be related to increased crime rates. This rapid and high level wave of urbanization has very adversely affected the healthcare sector as well. The shortage of medicines, vaccines, unavailability of doctors, bad hygienic conditions at the hospitals, is some of the main after effects of this strong and fastest wave of urbanization. The  availability of health care facilities  to all its inhabitants is one of the most important and foremost duty of a state. The private sector here though provides much better facilities, is more equipped and trained and is quick than the  government sector, yet it isn’t in the reach of common man to get treated in the private sector because they charge too much for all these  healthcare services but the option of government  hospitals  is open to every commoner, where he can get a better health care service and all other facilities as well. But more population has adversely affected that healthcare sector too. The mess and rush of the people in the government hospitals is also affecting the health care sector. Another major problem in result of urbanization that is rapidly taking place in the economy of Pakistan is â€Å"poverty†. Poverty occurs when the basic food that is the necessity of living is out of the reach of the people. People starve, they beg, and they die because they cannot afford to have meal, three times a day that is merely due to the high inflation rates prevailing in Pakistan these days. Environment confronts and problems of Pakistan are linked first and foremost with an unfair social and economic expansion in the past few years. This challenge is additionally compounded with quick urbanization due to a change of population from rural to urban areas. Consequently, all main cities of Pakistan face unexpected and accidental growth leading to boost in the pollution. This unnoticed growth has taken us to the point where there is a creation of slums areas in the region of city’s edge. Ever since the metropolitan authorities and utility service supplier have confined boundaries in expanding their facilities, urban overcrowding, blocking and jamming is the main reason of ever weakening air and water quality, along with this solid waste management. Under the current scenario, the managers are facing problems in providing sufficient water facilities, improved sanitation and sewerages systems, healthy and hygienic health care services and to ensure a hale and hearty environment. Environmental poverty is primarily connected to poverty in Pakistan. Poverty is the chief obstacle in dealing with the surroundings and their related problems. The demand of the already diminishing natural resources is increasing in Pakistan. Since poor frankly rely on natural resources of the country for their living i. . agriculture, forestry, hunting, fisheries, etc. Poverty collective with a fast growing population and swiftly increasing urbanization is leading to create more and more pressure on the environment. As a result, there is a terrible need to work on poverty elimination. Considering this problem, Benazir Income Support Programme has organized by the current government, is anticipated to have an optimistic effect on poverty elimination. Urba nization is also causing a shortage of food and nutrition in Pakistani economy. Since a part of the population has decided to move to a particular area or a region of the city and it is becoming densely populated and the population size is increasing in a particular city so it is very natural that the food and nutrition needs can’t be fulfilled and thus the economy of Pakistan faces a shortage of food and then it goes for a call to the foreign countries to fulfill its needs of those food items which ran short of supply in the market. This again disturbs the balance of payments of Pakistan. Apart from this agriculture is considered to be the backbone of the Pakistani economy. And Pakistan earns maximum foreign exchange by exporting the wheat, sugarcane, cotton etc as compared to any other items. Ever since urbanization is seen to be rapidly increasing, it is considered to be a setback for the economy of Pakistan because agricultural land is totally being neglected and left barren. This again will push us further towards failure as an economy as well as a nation. The statistical analysis is presented in chapter 2. Recommendations and conclusions are listed in chapter 3. Urbanization is closely related to modernization, industrialization, and rationalization. Urbanization also has adverse effects on the growing density in specific affected areas, mainly in large growing cities and often accompanied by number of other problems and after effects. Another major issue can also be disruption of agriculture uses. In addition to this, there would also be conflicting interests in terms of land use for rural and urban purposes. There would also be a negative impact on the agriculture of industry and also a loss of farm and forest land. Another prominent problem that arises from urbanization is the significant rise in respiratory problems in people living adjacent or very close to urban areas. Following are the factors due to which the respiratory problem occurs are: vehicular and industrial emissions, the toxic smoke arising from the chimneys of the leather factories or tire manufacturing industries, mining and drilling tend to be responsible for greater level of toxins in the air. It has also been acknowledged that global warming is also a resulting problem from increased urbanization. There has also been seen adverse air quality in houses and buildings within urban areas due to air conditions outside the buildings and houses. Respiratory infections may also occur from excessive exposure to nitrogen oxides, which results in decreased lung function. The consequential population from urbanization has also played an important role in increased crime rates in urban areas. This study of consideration may also be due to the variation in the behaviors of the people living in towns. Following are the factors due to which the crime rates are increasing: factors such as low income, availability of jobs, poverty etc. , and sometimes family conditions such as divorce, single parenthood, frustrated past due to any incident may also be related to increased crime rates. Some of the issues of urbanization that can be seen in any economy are Employment; Sanitation; Housing; Sewerage; Water; Social welfare; Role of government; Political machines (controlling organizations); increased Crime rates; Respiratory problem. Employment problem occurs when there are less job opportunities or may be due to Less capabilities amongst the people of the rural areas, this problem can be seen due to lack of technical education. People living in urban areas get technical education to achieve the highest rank of designations in the offices or their work places. Increased rates of urbanization can also cause an increase in the crime rates. Increased crime rates are due to frustration caused amongst the people when they are unemployed or any other personal/family problems like divorce and single parent upbringing. When the population increases in a particular region of the city many other problems are seen like housing, sanitation problems and transportation problems etc. , this causes frustration amongst the people thus increasing the crime rates. Sometimes government is also biased towards the immigrants. This also causes a gap amongst the people.